V2X Energy Flow Modes
Yes / Supports
No / Not available
Limited / Controlled
One-way (vehicle to load)
Bidirectional (vehicle to grid/home to vehicle)
| Mode | Purpose | Energy Flow | Output Phase Type | Typical Power | Max Current | Hardware | Synchronization | Feedback Safety | Typical Scenario | Standard / Regulation | Example Vehicles | Connection Protocol |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V2L Vehicle-to-Load |
Power mobile devices via outlet | One-way | Single-phase 230 V / 120 V | ~1.5–3.6 kW | ~16 A (single phase) | Onboard inverter + V2L adapter | No | Cannot feed directly to house | Camping, picnic, emergency device power | — | Hyundai Ioniq 5/6, Kia EV6/EV9, BYD, MG, Honda e, Tesla (Model Y – market dependent) | AC |
| V2H Vehicle-to-Home |
Power home/business (backup, load management) | Bidirectional | Usually single-phase 230 V / 120 V; some three-phase systems | ~3.6–12 kW | 1×32 A (single phase) or 3×16–32 A (three-phase) | Bidirectional charger + ATS + protection | Synchronized to home microgrid, anti-islanding | Safely powers home, isolates from grid | Power outage backup, peak shaving | IEC / IEEE anti-islanding | Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, Ford F-150 Lightning, VW ID (pilot) | AC bidirectional / rarely DC |
| V2G Vehicle-to-Grid |
Supply energy to grid / commercial balancing | Bidirectional | Usually three-phase 400 V; some AC single-phase applications | AC: ~5–11 kW DC: ~10–50 kW+ |
1×32 A or 3×16–32 A and above | Bidirectional charger + grid sync relays + meter | Fully synchronized to grid, grid-code compliant | Safely feeds power to grid | Energy selling, frequency/voltage regulation | IEEE 1547, EN 50549, UL 1741 | Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, Tesla PowerShare (US / pilot), VW ID (pilot) | AC or DC bidirectional |
| V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle |
Charge one vehicle from another | Bidirectional | AC single-phase or DC | ~3–20 kW | High current in DC, 16–32 A in AC | AC inverter or DC/DC converter | No | Only controlled connection | Assisting a stranded EV | — | Fleet EVs, some Chinese models, mobile charging vehicles | AC or DC |
| V2B / V2C Vehicle-to-Building/Campus |
Power building, facility, campus | Bidirectional | Mostly three-phase 400 V | ~10–100 kW+ | Industrial level | Industrial bidirectional inverter + energy management | Synchronized to local microgrid | Industrial protection required | Shopping mall, factory, site, military base | IEEE / IEC industrial grid codes | Fleet EVs, buses, commercial EV platforms | AC / DC (industrial) |
Acronyms and Terms
ATSAutomatic Transfer Switch
Anti-islandingIslanding protection (prevents off-grid operation)
Grid-codeGrid connection regulations
Peak shavingReducing peak power demand
BidirectionalTwo-way energy flow
AC / DCAlternating Current / Direct Current
V2L / V2H / V2G / V2V / V2BVehicle-to-Load/Home/Grid/Vehicle/Building
BMSBattery Management System
PCSPower Conversion System (inverter)
EMSEnergy Management System
— : No specific standard / information yet.